FPV stands for First Person Viewing. Why do we need a camera? Good question right!!! An FPV camera must provide a live analog video feed to the pilot such that the pilot can maneuver his drone. The video feed from this FPV camera is going to help the pilot to fly. HD cameras are another breed of cameras used on mini quads. Now the next question that comes to your mind is why there are 2 different types of cameras.
Both the FPV and HD cameras are 2 types of cameras serving 2 different purposes.
FPV cameras provide very low latency video feed with exceptional image quality.
HD cameras record ultra-sharp videos which are a treat to look at.
The latency from the HD camera is too high to be transmitted (approximately 150ms) and hence cannot be used for live video transmission, whereas FPV cameras can’t record HD videos (or can they!! More on this below).
Traditionally FPV pilots have been using relatively expensive, large, and bulky HD cameras like the Runcam 3 or GoPro Hero 7. But gone are the stone age, where tiny miniaturized FPV cameras like the Runcam Split 2 which has a 36×36 PCB recording 1080p video, costing 1/4th the cost of a GoPro and 5 times lighter in weight.
FPV camera’s come in all shapes and sizes. To simplify the buying process, below listed are some of the factors to consider which help a person to evaluate an FPV camera and pick up the right one.
BEST FPV CAMERA FOR DRONE
Best FPV cameras have gotten better over time with the latencies getting drastically reduced and the image quality significantly improved. FPV cameras come in various sizes, for the various applications of quads in use today.
There are predominantly 3 main FPV camera sizes: Standard or Full-sized, Micro-Sized, and Nano-sized cameras.
Standard-sized cameras are mostly phased because of their bulky nature and have been replaced by Micro-sized cameras but Standard cameras are still in use today for their robustness and sturdiness.
| Standard-sized FPV Camera | Micro-sized FPV Camera | Nano-sized FPV Camera | |
|---|---|---|---|
 |  |  | |
| FPV Camera | Runcam Swift 2 | Caddx Ratel | Runcam Nano 2 |
| Dimensions | 28.8 x 26 x 26 mm | 19 x 19 x 19 mm | 14 x 14 x 16 mm |
| Weight | 14g | 8g | 3.2g |
| Camera Sensor | CCD | CMOS | CMOS |
| Image Ratio | Fixed 4:3 | Changeable 16:9, 4:3 | Fixed 4:3 |
| Signal type | PAL | Changeable 16:9, 4:3 | Fixed 4:3 |
| Input voltage | 5 – 36V | 5 – 40V | 3 – 5.5V |
| Rating |
the AKK is still cheaper than the Caddx Ratel. The AIO camera has an overall weight of 4.2g, with 4.2g for the camera, VTX, and transmitter. The camera has a 120° FOV and Getfpv provides a 3D printable camera mount. The VTX is a 48 channel, capable of transmitting at 0mW, 25mW, and 200mW which can be powered with a voltage between 2.9-5.5V. The transmitter surprisingly for its small size supports smart audio through which it connects to Betaflight. A close second is the Wolwhoop Micro AIO with similar specifications.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN CHOOSING FPV CAMERA
Imaging Sensor- CCD or CMOS
CCD (charge-coupled device) and CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) sensors are the 2 types of image sensors used in FPV cameras and they mostly vary by how the image is captured by the sensor placed in the FPV camera. FPV cameras convert light signals into electrical signals so that they can be transmitted by analog video transmitters.
Image Sensor
Both CCD and CMOS image sensors start by capturing the image and converting the image into digital signals. The next step is to read the value (electrons or charges accumulated by the camera). This is where the similarities between the two end. The major difference is how the electrical signal is processed and outputted.
In a CCD image sensor, the electrical signal is transported across the chip and is read at one of the corners of the array. The electrical charge from the line of pixels is transferred to the next until all the pixel lines have completed outputting.
Unlike the CCD, CMOS sensors read the electrical signals at each pixel (A pixel is a tiny dot or square that is part of a digital image). CMOS sensors have individual transistors for individual pixels compared to a few transistors in a CCD sensor.
Another major disadvantage of the CMOS sensors is how they capture the image. CCD sensors use a global shutter (captures the image instantaneously) and CMOS sensors use a rolling shutter (rolling shutter- captures the image line by line). As the CMOS sensor outputs the image line by line, any vibrations may cause the image to distort. This distortion is known as the JELLO effect.
If you didn’t understand any of the technical stuff above, know this: CCD image sensors creates high-quality images and are less susceptible to electrical noise. CMOS tends to have lower light sensitivity while consuming significantly lower power than a CCD image sensor. CMOS also has lower image quality, but with constant improvements, CMOS sensors are trying to catch up with CCD sensors.
Form Factor
There are 4 major camera sizes- Standard, Mini, Micro, and Nano size. These cameras are categorized based on the mounting holes that help to mount the camera to the frame. Each drone frame is different and supports particular camera sizes. Hence it is important to take note of the camera size before buying the camera rather than have an incompatible camera that is too large or too small to be used on the frame you intend to use.
The standard size was decided by the Runcam Swift when it was launched back in 2017 with mounting holes 28mm apart. They fit all the larger frames and some medium-sized frames as well. They are also used in RC airplane FPV.
Mini-sized cameras have 21mm mounting holes that usually fit medium-sized frames. Mini-sized cameras have become popular these days as they are converted into FPV/HD cameras.
Micro-sized cameras are used with ultra-light racing drone frames where saving every gram of weight becomes essential. But don’t be fooled by the size as it can perform as well as the standard-sized camera. The mounting holes are 19mm apart.
Nano cameras have no particular mounting options. They don’t normally come with hard cases such as standard-sized cameras. They are mostly used on 2” or under, sized quads.
Aspect Ratio
Aspect ratio refers to the image size that is being displayed on a monitor or screen. A 16×9 image format will have a wider and shorter image than a 4×3. The 4×3 image format may appear to be taller. There are FPV pilots who prefer both the 16×9 and 4×3. But it is widely accepted that a 4×3 image format helps in flying better because of the taller image.
But the aspect ratio may also depend on the camera and the camera lens. Some FPV cameras support both 16×9 and 4×3 image formats. Most CMOS cameras support 16×9 natively, for a CMOS camera to display 4×3 image format, the sides may appear to be chopped from the 16×9 to form a 4×3 image.
Latency
FPV cameras require time to capture and process the image. This time taken by the camera to convert an image into electrical signals is known as latency. The lower the latency the better.
Latency may not just be attributed to the camera itself. Video transmitters and the LCD screens in the FPV goggles may also add to the latency.
If you are flying slowly and closer to you latency does not pose a major concern for the buyer. But when flying a race quad at 100mph with a 100ms delay from the FPV camera, the drone is 4m ahead giving you no time to react and correct your inputs.
That’s the theory, most modern FPV cameras have as little as 10ms delay time. With constant improvements cameras such as the Foxeer Predator V3 have as little as 4ms latency.
Input Voltage
Input voltage refers to the range of voltages that can be safely supplied for the safe operation of the camera. A well-built FPV camera will support a wide range of voltages with most modern cameras having voltage supports of up to 35v. The cameras have an in-built linear BEC that steps down the voltage to 3.3v (the internal working voltage of the electronics inside the cam is 3.3v).
Input voltage refers to the range of voltages that can be safely supplied for the safe operation of the camera. A well-built FPV camera will support a wide range of voltages with most modern cameras having voltage supports of up to 35v. The cameras have an in-built linear BEC that steps down the voltage to 3.3v (the internal working voltage of the electronics inside the cam is 3.3v).
It is not recommended to supply a large voltage for the camera as it has a lower operating voltage internally. The higher the input voltage harder the BEC works to step down that voltage. Supplying a lower voltage also keeps the camera cooler comparatively.
So it is recommended to supply a lower input voltage. Most modern FCs have filtered voltage supplies dedicated to FPV cameras, so it is worth taking a look at the FC you are going to be using. Voltages within 12v are considered nominal.
Field of View
Field of view (FOV) refers to the observable area captured by the camera. The camera’s lens size determines the FOV. Smaller the camera lens, the larger the FOV.
| Lens Size | FOV |
|---|---|
| 1.8mm | 170° |
| 2.1mm | 150° |
| 2.3mm | 140° |
| 2.5mm | 130° |
A larger FOV allows you to see more but that may not necessarily be a good thing. With a larger FOV, it becomes difficult to observe the minute details such as branches of trees. With our limited vTx, it becomes much worse. A FOV between 130-150° is considered ideal with a considerable amount of view and exceptional details. The below diagram illustrates a narrow and wide FOV camera.
Video Encoding Format- NTSC or PAL
Video encoding is the process of converting video signals (in our case electrons from the FPV cam) into a format that can be read by monitors (FPV monitors or goggles). This is usually taken care of by the FPV camera. The most commonly used video formats are NTSC (National Television System Committee or PAL (Phase Alternating Line).
The main difference between NTSC and PAL is, NTSC has a 720×480 resolution at 30fps and PAL has a 720×576 resolution at 25fps.
NTSC with its higher frame rates allows for smooth video playback. PAL with its slightly better resolution allows for sharper texts from OSD. But it’s based on your personal preference. Pick a video format that works for you. Since most FPV cameras support both formats, it’ll be easier for one to switch back and forth and pick one that works.
TVL- Camera Resolution
TVL stands for TV Lines. TVL is the measure of the resolution of analog cameras. A 1000TVL camera can capture 500 Black and 500 White alternating lines in one frame.
| TVL | Effective Pixel NTSC | Effective Pixel PAL | NTSC in Pixels | PAL in Pixels |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 600 | 768×694 | 752×582 | 0.3 MP | 0.43 MP |
| 1000 | 1280×720 | 0.92 |
Wide Dynamic Ranging (WDR)
Wide dynamic range is the fancy word referring to the camera’s ability to capture the bright and dark parts of an image. Dynamic range is the difference between the darkest and the brightest parts of an image.
WDR comes into the picture when you fly outdoors where the sun casts shadows and becomes less of a factor when flying on cloudy days. An Overexposed image is where the brighter parts of the image are blown out and an underexposed image is where the darker parts of the image appear even darker.
A good WDR-enabled camera tends to have the perfect balance between overexposure and underexposure. Most modern FPV cameras have WDR enabled by default, but the WDR ability of the camera is not generally published by the manufacturer.
OTHER FACTORS TO CONSIDER
Low light performance
Camera work by capturing the light reflecting off a body. In the evenings and even at night, with the sun not providing light, it becomes very difficult to see the camera. Low light performance, as the name suggests, a camera can capture images at very low lighting conditions.
Low light performance is not something to be mistaken for WDR. Some FPV cameras claim 0.00001 Lux (A unit to measure the illumination of light) compared to the living room lights of an average home at 50 Lux. So people flying at night should consider this as a deciding factor.
On-Screen Display (OSD)
OSD is the ability of the camera to overlay flight information. The OSD on the camera can provide us with only basic information such as the approximate battery voltage. If you’re flying quads this factor is not that important because Drone Flight Controllers have dedicated OSD chips to take care of this.
But if the camera is going to be used on an RC airplane that has no dedicated FC or OSD chips, the OSD information provided by the camera becomes essential.
HD Cameras for FPV
HD cameras like the GoPro hero 7 shown here are meant to capture HD videos throughout the flying of the quad. HD cameras allow you to record videos at 720p (1280×720) or even at 1080p (1920×1080) resolution, compared to the 360p (480×320) resolution of the non-HD FPV camera.
So why do people use HD cameras rather than using DVR (Digitial video recording) on their goggles? The answer is simple, Pilots simply don’t like to use the video (which has a lower resolution and is filled with static or noise) provided by the DVR. This HD video feed can be used for aerial photography, and inspections or uploaded the videos to Youtube and show off the pilot’s skills.
Traditionally large bulky and expensive HD cameras were used, whereas a decent HD camera would cost upwards of $150. But with advancements in technology, HD cameras have been miniaturized into a tiny 36×36 PCB.
In the above image shown is the Runcam split 2, one of the first HD/FPV cameras. Not only does this improvement eliminate the need for standalone FPV cameras by providing video out for the analog vTx’s thereby reducing weight but also records videos at 1080p/60fps.
The video gets recorded on an SD card and accessories include a wifi module for wireless communication with the board. Though we do not recommend this 2in1 FPV camera for a beginner would be a fine upgrade for intermediate to advanced pilots and subsequent builds for a beginner.
Camera settings
Default or factory settings normally work fine, but FPV community experts tweak these settings and sometimes have better results than factory settings. Every FPV camera is different and hence it is recommended to surf the web and check if there are changes worth doing to the settings that may or may not work for your particular use.
CONCLUSION
So what have we learned so far, FPV camera terminologies, factors to consider, and other useful features to look into when buying? This article tries to give you a brief idea and by no means covers everything. Every pilot flies in a different environment and hence the recommended FPV cam may change, but the factors to consider play a major role in buying an FPV cam for your needs.
If you are not confident enough to decide on your own, below listed are some of the best-performing FPV cameras in the market.